BDSM practitioner Madelaine Thomas represents far from your average startup entrepreneur. After multiple instances of individuals distributing her private explicit images, she felt "sufficiently outraged to take action" and looked to technology for a solution.
"These were beautiful pictures, I'm not ashamed of the photographs, I'm ashamed of the way that they were weaponized by someone who I don't know," explained Madelaine.
Little over a year since founding her company, Image Angel, which uses covert digital tracking to identify abusers, has garnered significant recognition and was cited as exemplary procedure in an government-commissioned study earlier this year.
This represents quite a departure from her background in providing BDSM services, working with clients in the realms of kink and bondage.
Intimate image abuse, often referred to as revenge porn, is a criminal offence with offenders risking two years in prison.
It is far from an issue uniquely experienced by those in the adult entertainment sector. A report indicates that approximately 1.42% of the UK female population is impacted by intimate image abuse on an annual basis.
Madelaine, thirty-seven, explained survivors endured feelings of humiliation. "In my view a lot of people will comment, 'you put a private image out on the internet, what do you anticipate?'," she said.
"I expect respect, I expect consideration, and I expect trust, and I fail to understand why those are negotiable," she added. "The fact that those images could be subsequently distributed in my community or with people I love and employed to cause them pain, that's beyond, that's not a decision I made, that's not my mistake, that's an individual being an abuser."
Madelaine has been practicing as a professional dominatrix, primarily online, for a decade and consistently found her work liberating and satisfying. "It's me as a woman in control, a woman who is empowered and strong, giving my body as a treat to someone of my own volition," she described.
"Some believe it's unusual but I don't see it any differently to a personal trainer or an accountant giving advice," she remarked.
She embraces being something of an anomaly in the world of tech. "I know that it's unconventional, it's remarkable to think that someone who was a dominatrix is now a founder of a tech company, but it took someone who has experienced it firsthand to know the flaws and the modifications that needed to happen," she stated.
She maintained she was not technically inclined and was managed to build her company after a lot of late nights, research and "bugging people" who know about tech.
Image Angel can be used by any online platform where people share images, for instance dating apps, social networks and online sites.
When an image is viewed by a user, it is seamlessly tagged with an undetectable digital marker which is unique to them.
This invisible watermark is embedded into the digital file of the image itself and can survive screen shots, being altered and being photographed with a different camera.
It ensures that if you discover your image has been shared without your consent, providing the platform you posted it on has the technology embedded, the sharer's information will be encoded in the image and can be retrieved by a data recovery specialist so legal steps can follow.
To date, one platform has adopted her tech and she's in discussions with many others.
"The system already exists in Hollywood, it already exists in live television so this is not brand new technology, it's just a new application and a new system," said Madelaine.
"We have validated it, we're collaborating with a company that has decades of expertise in tech development so we are confident that this is solid and what we now need to do is test it at scale," she continued.
She said she believed the technology would also act as a preventive measure to potential intimate image abusers.
An advocate from a support service commented she had seen directly the panic, distress and self-blame intimate image abuse inflicted on victims.
"If that self-blame is reinforced by a misinformed friend or service who says 'well, why did you take those images in the first place?' that self blame can really be deepened so it's really important that the response a victim receives is that they have not done anything wrong," she stated.
She added it was fantastic that Madelaine was using her experience to bring about change, saying: "It is vital to have this multi-layered approach towards addressing tech facilitated abuse, because a single solution is going to be able to tackle this alone, no one helpline, it needs to be this integrated effort."
TV presenter Jess Davies was just 15 when photographs of her in her underwear were circulated within her town. It was the first of several incidents Jess experienced in her teens and 20s that would later inform her advocacy work.
"It required years, too long for someone to tell me, 'you are not to blame' and 'that was wrong'," said Jess.
She too is dedicated to eliminating the shame of intimate image abuse from the victims to the perpetrators. "There is no offence to willingly share an photo to someone," stated Jess.
"But it is a crime to distribute that non-consensually and I think that should always be where the responsibility is," she concluded.